For These

You May Use These

1Whole egg for thickening or baking

2 egg yolks or 2 Tbsp dried whole egg plus
2-1/2 Tbsp Water.

1 Cup butter or margarine for
shortening

7/8 cup lard, or rendered fat with 1/2 tsp
salt. Or 1 cup hydrogenated fat (cooking
fat sold under brand name) with 1/2 tsp

1 square (ounce) chocolate

3 to 4 tsps cocoa plus 1/2 Tbsp fat

1 tsp double-acting baking powder

1-1/2 tsp phosphate baking powder, Or
2 tsp tartrate baking powder.

Sweet Milk and baking powder
for baking

Equal amount of sour milk plus 1/2 tsp
soda per cup. (Each half tsp soda with 1
cup sour milk takes the place of 2 tsp
baking powder and 1 cup sweet milk.

1 cup sour milk, for baking

1 cup sweet milk mixed with one of the
following: 1 Tbsp vinegar or 1 Tbsp lemon
juice or 1-3/4 tsp cream of tartar.

1 cup whole milk

1/2 cup evaporated milk plus 1/2 cup
water. Or 4 Tbsp dry whole milk plus
1 cup water. Or 4 Tbsp nonfat dry milk
plus 2 tsp table fat and 1 cup water.

1 cup skim milk

4 Tbsp nonfat dry milk plus 1 cup water

1 Tbsp flour, for thickening

1/2 Tbsp cornstarch, potato starch, rice
starch, or arrowroot starch, Or
1 Tbsp granulated tapioca.

1 cup cake flour, for baking

7/8 cup all-purpose flour

1 cup all-purpose flour,
for baking breads.

Up to 1/2 cup bran, whole wheat flour or
cornmeal plus enough all-pupose to fill cup